When something is described as compostable an ordinary consumer would think it can be converted
into compost, but the Standards for
this type of plastic(ASTM D6400, EN 13432 etc.) require it to
convert into CO2 gas within 180 days. You cannot therefore make compost from
it - only greenhouse gas.
This process contributes to climate change but does nothing for the soil, and it cannot be described
as organic
recycling.
The Federal Trade Commission of the USA has said that it is not sufficient to show that a test item
had complied with ASTM D6400 or D6868
[or EN13432 or the ISO equivalents].
"Compostable"(also loosely known as "bio-based plastics" or "bio plastics")and designed according
to EN13432 or ASTM D6400 to biodegrade in the special condtions found in industrial or anaerobic digestion.
From Chris Packham
Oxo-biodegradables,
Research has shown that moisture retards the oxidation process, delaying the potential onset of biodegradation.
In addition, for landfills, no data has been presented to support complete biodegration in anaerobic environments.
Data has shown that at high temperatures in conjunction with UV in arid condtions, that frag mentation can be
achieved in 2 to 3 months.
However, fragmentation is not a sign of "biodegradation" and there is no data to show
long these plastic fragments will persist in the soils
or marine environments.
From Biodegradable products institute
Oxo-biodegradable materials were not included in NOP petition, because they did not fulfill the two criteria
proposed to address the concept
of "fully biodegradable plastics".
From Farmerpam
The NOP considers PLA to be synthetic because PLA is chemically polymerized(Briassoulis and Dejean,2010).
While the PHA polymer is made directly by microoranisms in the fermentation process (thereby considered "natural" by the NOP),
it is highly crystalline, making its end product more brittle, and less desirable, unless blended with PLA or other co-polymers
(Hayeset al., 2012)
Some processes that are used to form biodegradable polymers utilize additives.
Some additives are derived from petroleum and/or are chemically processed, and are therefore considered synthetic
material by National
Organic Program(NOP) standards(Hayes et al., 2012;NOS,2012), which has preventes their use in U.S. oragnic agriculture.
Thre environmental impact of many additives may be a major concern in organic as well as conventional corp production
In the U.S., organic corp producers have not been able to use currently biodegradable plastic mulch products because
these products did not
conform to NOP standards. To be acceptable for organic production, biodegradable plastic mulch must
be entirely composed of constituents derived fro, natural resources(bio-based), cannot contain synthetics such as petroleum-derives
ingredients or additives, and cannot be
chemically modified during the manufacturing process(NOS, 2012; Corbin et al.,2013;Corbin
et al.,2009).
An additional requirement to meet
the organic standards is that feedstocks, such as corn, used to produce the polymer,
must be free of genetically modified organism(GAOs).
Similary, any polymer made from microbial fermentation, such as PHA, must be producerd by organisms that have not
been genetically
modified.
The Organic Standards are inconsistent, as 205.206(c)(1)permits "mulching with fully biodegradable materials " but 205.206(c)(6) requires that "plastic or other synthetic mulches... are removed from the field at the end of the growing or harvest season."
Eco-cotton mulching sheet soil test
Classification | T-N | P205 | K20 | CaO | MgO | Na2O |
Before | 0.83 | 0.02 | 0.43 | 0.09 | 0.03 | 0.18 |
After 50 days | 0.71 | 0.25 | 1.46 | 0.75 | 0.16 | 0.02 |
After 70 days | 1.16 | 0.64 | 1.18 | 2.27 | 0.42 | 0.12 |
By chung Nuk National University,2011
Mulching Effects od PEfilm Replacement Materials in Medicinal herbs Cultivation 2013,Oct
*Gyeongnam Agricultural Research and Extension Services, Jinju 660-370,Korea,
This studies was carried out to investigate the effect of polyethylene(P.E) replacement mulching materials such as cotton, paper and biodegradable
film on growth and yieild of chrysanthemum indicum Plant length and stem diameter was increased in mulching cotton film instead od black P.E film.
The quantity of flowers according to the mulching material was 69.6kg/10a in paper film, 72.8kg/10a in black P.E black and white cotton film,
73.1kg/10a in black cotton film and 73.4kg/10a in biodegradable film. In the cultivation of chrysanthemum indicum income by black cotton than
black P.E film grown 2% higher. Additional benefits are the soil clean,labor-saving film, recovered and organic matter supply.